Business Management Techniques (Manage work activities) Essay

Business Management Techniques (Manage work activities) - Essay Example ining an organizations objectives, establishing an overall strategy for achieving those objectives, and developing a comprehensive chain of command of plans to integrate and coordinate activities. The plan of action is, at one and the same time, the result predicted, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through and the methods to be used. Organizing is the translation of goals and objectives into a structure of responsibilities and authority. To organize a business is to provide it with everything useful to its functioning- raw material, tools, capital, personnel’ (Fayol, 53). In other words it includes the determination of what tasks are to be done, which has to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. The engineering organization, having been formed, must be set going and this is the mission of command. This insures a successful process of the organization. A manager in command - knows his people, understands all agreements binding the firm, sets a good example, uses a meeting to focus efforts in a single direction, does not become occupied in minute details, and instills unity, energy, initiative and loyalty in the employees. Harmonizing is to integrate the actions of all aspects of the firm in order to increase the efficiency of the organization. To harmonize is to co-ordinate all the activities of concern so as to facilitate its working, and its success. Control consists in confirming everything takes place in conformity with the plan implemented, the directions issued and principles established. It also points out weakness and errors in order to rectify then and prevent recurrence. Typical operations that could be subjected to control, measured in order to monitor progress, included: Business Engineering Organization usually use flat organizational structure where their is hierarchy of authority and becomes easy for supervision, their is segregation of duties and every

Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Article Analysis Essay Write a short, clear summary of the article: The article argues that the West should apply economic sanctions coupled with security pressure in order to prevent Iran from further development of its nuclear program. The author believes that sanctions would work better than incentives through not providing rewards for inappropriate behavior. The author concludes that, in case sanctions fail, preemptive strike is not the best solution, but it is more preferable to the situation in which Iran acquires nuclear weapons. What is the context of the article? The article, published in winter 2007 issue of Middle East Quarterly, appeared in the midst of the heated debate on the possible measures used to prevent Iran from developing its nuclear program. At that time, several approaches were on the table (e.g. American, European, and Russian suggestions), and an unbiased analysis of the projected effectiveness of each approach was highly needed. What seems to be the author’s purpose? The author’s purpose is to present his stance on the situation in Iran and explicate the rationale behind the beliefs he holds concerning this matter. He also aims to persuade audience of the necessity to adopt the suggested approach. In what type of publication did this appear? Describe it. The article appeared in Middle East Quarterly. It is quarterly journal devoted on Middle Eastern affairs. The publication has been referred to as a useful resource of information on political, economic, and cultural developments in the region for politicians, academics, and journalists. Main types of articles published there include in-depth studies, interviews, commentary, and reviews. Write a brief analysis of the author’s credentials and possible expertise or bias. If no information is available on the author, try to take a guess based upon his or her knowledge and writing ability, which you might derive from the article. The author of the article is Patrick Clawson, senior editor of the Middle East Quarterly, is director for research at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He is a well-established expert on Middle Eastern affairs and the author of more than seventy articles about regional affairs that appeared in reputable publications like New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post. Iranian nuclear program has been his focus for several years already; one of his books is titled ‘Getting Ready for a Nuclear Ready Iran.’ Who seems to be the target audience? Be specific. The target audience of this article encompasses members of public-at-large interested in world politics and Middle Easters affairs. This publication is not intended for professionals dealing with the issue of Iran or academics: it does not operate terminology or data that needs particular expertise in international relations. However, the article presumes that the potential reader is aware of the development of the situation in Iran since it refers to certain well-known facts and opinion concerning the problem. The author also assumes that the target audience has sufficient education level and enough knowledge of international affairs to be able to grasp certain historical examples or evaluate data supplied by international organizations. In short outline form, show the author’s stance. Then, explain and evaluate the presentation of the author’s stance. In other words, what’s the thesis? What reasons are given for this stance? Are the reasons supported well? The author argues that the West should opt for exerting economic pressure on Iran. He argues that the country is dependant on international economic transactions in securing its well-being. The author suggests a list of measures that might be effective in dealing with Iran, such as harshening restrictions concerning financial operations and trade, pressuring charities that work closely with Iranian leaders, discouraging the investment in Iran’s oil and gas industry, decreasing the presence of international firms and financial institutions in the country. These sanctions will be effective since the primary concern of Iranian government now is delivering its promises in terms of raising quality of life and well-being of the nations. However, economic sanctions are not enough and should be coupled with security inducement through showing how a decision to denounce the nuclear program might contribute to the viability of the country. In the concluding section, he argues that using preemptive military force is not the best option. Explanation for that is found earlier in the text: attack on Iran can be used to rekindle the lost fervor of revolutionary days. Analyze the writer’s language. What is the writer’s tone? Why might he or she have chosen this tone? Is it effective? What words are defined or left undefined? Give examples. Writer’s language and tone are both effective if we keep target audience in mind. The language of the article is easily accessible yet very official. Some rhetorical devices (i.e. rhetorical questions) are used to reinforce writer’s thesis. However, the article relies on logical rather than emotional appeal. As for the terms, ‘security inducements’ referred to in the last chapter before the conclusion are loosely defined, especially as compared with ‘economic sanctions’ which are listed and discussed in detail. Based upon your analysis, is this a credible piece of writing? Explain. It is possible to conclude that the article is a credible piece of writing. Lacking in-depth analysis or innovative approach, it provides a comprehensive summary of main arguments on the issues and has no factual mistakes. Finally, and in detail (really think about this—refer to specifics) how do the stance and language choices relate to the author’s purpose and target audience? Explain. Since the article is a persuasive essay, the author explains his argument carefully and consistently. Taking into account that the target audience consists of members of public-at-large rather than academics, every argument is backed by accessible analysis and abundant factual data (such as figures, quotations, and historical examples). Since the educational level of target audience is high, the author keeps within the limits of official and quasiscientific style of writing.

Dialogue †Bitter Breakup :: Dialogue Conversation Essays

Dialogue – Bitter Breakup Oh, hi, honey... No, no, I'm fine, I was just expecting to get your machine. Aren't you usually at, like, hockey practice around now? Oh, right, you quit hockey to help with your dad's business. I forgot. Heh. No, I don't remember what you and Todd were talking about at lunch. Yeah, I'm sorry I wasn't paying much attention; my mind was thinking about something else. What? Oh, I don't know, I was probably thinking about a conversation I had with Natasha today. Sweetheart, I... What? Yeah, I totally hate Mr. Simmons, too. It is unfair that he only gave your essay 85%, but come on, I worked my ass off on my essay, and I only got 70% on it. And your topic wasn't all that interesting, to be honest. I mean, "Romeo and Juliet: A Tragedy of Unawareness"? More like a tragedy of Leo; how many movies does that marvelous creature have to die in? Anyway, I think that my essay was much more thought out: "Homeless People Are People, Too." I put a lot of work into it; I even made references to an article I read in People. Oh, I can hardly wait to go to New York this summer. The Empire State building, the Statue of Liberty, the Sears tower... What? Oh, that's sweet... Oh, yes, of course I'll miss you, too. I'm sorry, my mind must have drifted for a second. Yes, school is keeping me really busy. Can we talk for a second? Okay, I know we're already talking, but I mean seriously. Not just small talk. I mean it. Please? Okay, thanks. Um, well... It's that... Idon'tthinkweshouldseeeachotheranymore. I said, "I don't think we should see each other anymore." Because we're just different people. I know it sounds lame, but -- Don't be upset, we are different. And I've tried to deal with it; I really have. But you seem to think that you can just live your life without any responsibility, disrupt my life, my schoolwork, and my relationships with other people and --No, I don't mean other guys, I meant my friends and family, you idiot... I didn't mean that. I didn't, you're just not letting me finish. Can I finish? Thank you. It's just that you don't seem to think you need to put any work into this relationship. You think that I'll do everything and we'll be fine.

Comparing Islam and Christianity Essay -- Religion Compare Contrast Ch

Comparing Islam and Christianity Although they share several basic theological ideas, Christianity and Islam differ on countless key characteristics. The most prominent differences include atonement, the identity of God, heaven, view of Jesus, and the perception of the Christian Bible. It is these not-so-subtle contrasts of thoughts that separate the two most prevalent religions in the world. One of the most important differences in Christianity and Islam is the concept of atonement. In Christianity, Jesus’ death on the cross allows Christians to repent from their sins and gain forgiveness from God. Conversely, in Islam there is no atonement from sins with Allah, though they still repent and confess their sins. While Christians believe that their sincere repentance provides them with a new, clean slate with God, Muslims believe that, despite their repentance, their sins will always be held against them when judged on the final day. These differing views on forgiveness set the tone for each respective religion, with Christianity seen as a forgiving, loving religion, and Islam being viewed as a hard-nosed, action-based religion. Another important difference between Christians and Muslims is their views of God. Despite the fact that Muslims claim Allah is the same as God the Father, Christians deny such claims, citing the fact that they worship the Holy Trinity. Christians follow a triune God, equal parts God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Though each has specific roles and responsibilities, Christians view them as one God. This differs from the Islamic point of view of a singular God, called Allah, holding a similar role as creator and maintainer as God the Father. Interestingly, Muslims apply a similar role ... ...s the Hebrew Messiah, thus finally saving the Jews from their sins. His death on the cross and resurrection provided Christians with the opportunity to be forgiven from their sins and have a chance to live with God for eternity in heaven. While Muslims respect the teachings of Jesus, they view Him only as a great prophet, but not as great as Muhammad. They believe that God replaced Him with Judas on the cross, thus dispelling the Christian belief that His death saved them from their sins. While they are conceptually similar, the major differences between Islamic and Christian theology become obvious upon further inspection. The aforementioned differences, most importantly each religion’s view of Jesus, prevent Muslims and Christians from agreeing on anything theological, and have created a chasm between the two cousin religions currently dominating world theology.

Unit Two: Principles of Providing Administrative Services

Unit two: Principles of providing administrative services Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this Assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 9 Sections. Name: Section 1 – Understand how to make and receive telephone calls 1. Complete the table below with descriptions of at least two different features of a telephone system and how / when they would be used. |Feature |How / when used | |1.Answer Phone |By pressing a number on telephone we ca n listen messages left by | | |others | |2. Conference Call |This allow us to speak with more than one person simultaneously | | | | . Prepare a brief report advising people on: †¢ How to follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls †¢ The purpose of giving a positive image of yourself and your organisation when making and receiving telephone calls. If possible, use specific information from procedures in your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with). Within an organization while receiving calls one should follow the organizational procedure i. e. nswer the phone within certain number of rings, use standard greeting, read script as advised, identify the personal when transferring the call or passing on the information and finally be ready to take colleagues calls when they are not on their desk. When you are making a call to a client ensure that you build a rapport with them and make them feel at ease. Ensure you are aware of th e purpose of call and make a check list of the points that you will be asking.The main purpose behind while receiving or making calls is to portray a good and professional image of an organization is to retain the existence customers and attract new ones and fulfil customer satisfactions Section 2 – Understand how to handle mail 1. Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, checking and sorting mail and packages (both incoming and outgoing). It is very important and responsibility of everyone within an organization to follow the correct procedures while receiving, checking and sorting outgoing and incoming mails.In case if a mistake is made then may be some body is waiting for an important mail and because of negligence it may go to a wrong person or even go missing. Once a mail is received we need to ensure the security and confidentaility aspect of it while delivering it to the recpients. If the mail requires urgent delivery then we need to ensure that mail is delivered or dispatched quickly and securly. It can apply to both incoming and outgoing mail as if the mail is urgent it should be treated as urgent and delivered or dispacted soon. 2. Complete the table below with the following information: At least two examples of internal mail services that are available to organisations †¢ At least two examples of external mail services that are available to organisations |Internal mail services |External mail services | |1. using internal envelopes so that mail can be circulated internally|1. Recorded delivery | | | | |2. ransfer mail between different offices of an organization |2. Special delivery | | | | Internal mail services Normally between offices we do have internal transport service that operates. We can use that service to deliver mails betweeen offices. We can also use services of individuals if they are travelling between offices.Also if we are working in a headoffice and it has several buildings then we can also use the internal ser vice that deliver or trasnport between different buildings. External mail services For external mail services we can use local mail service like Royal Mail, post office or parcel office. We can either call them and book the item so that they can pick and deliver or we can go to the nearest post office and post the item there. 3. Describe two methods that you can use to calculate postage charges for mail and / or packages.We can weight and measure mail to calculate postage charges. We can weight the mail with the help of weighting machine and measure the mail with the help of measuring deivce provided by Royail mail. Once we calculate the weight and measurement we stamp a stamp accordingly. For example if we want to sent a a first class mail we need to cataegorize the mail do we need one standard 1st class stamp or a larger one depending upon post. We should also consider the timing as first class can take upto 3 working days so if mail is urgent we need to use other services that ar e quicker.We can also use service provider like Royal mail and use their website to check out the charges. We can take the mail to any local post office and weight the items and pay the charges accordingly, we need to ensure a signed for or special delivery that if mail is important and needs to be delivered soon. In case if the contents of the mail are important we can also insure the mail. Section 3 – Understand how to use different types of office equipment 1. Describe the main types of equipment found in offices and how they are used. Include examples of at least three different types of office equipment.Shredding machines are used to shred important confidential documents. The main purpose of the shredding machines is to destroy your important documents that are not useful anymore but that can be important for someone else and that can be misused by anyone. Computers and its accessories such as Printer, scanner etc. used to prepare documents and print them if required. W e can use computer programs such as microsoft applications word, access and excel etc. to create letters, records, electronic worksheets, database management, presentation, graphics, Internet use and financial documents.For communication we can use fax machine and telephone. We can send the documents quickly to customers either by fax or use emails and for verbal communication we use phone. The disadvantage of faxmachine is that it require electricity, requires paper for receiving and sending faxes and it should be always on to receive faxes. The advantage of fax machine is that they are relatively inexpensive and some are part of all in one printers and you may need to occasionally pay for the toner, and a dedicated phone line and paper.Another advantage is that it doesn’t cost you more than the normal phone costs per minute. 2. Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when using equipment. The main purpose behind the manufacturer’s instruct ions manual is to operate the equipment correctly and safely. This can reduce the maintenance cost and increase the equipment life. By following the basic guidance provided by the manufacturer the equipment will last longer, safer for others to use it and will work efficiently. 3. Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean, hygienic and ready for the next user.We need to keep the equipment clean and hygienic so that the next person who will be using it will be safe. He can safely use the equipment and hygienically safe from any disease. While working in an organization once should tidy stuff, store equipment safely and clean it regularly with appropriate products. As an example one should use wipes to clean computer screen that will be beneficial for other as well. In working environment where there is a shared workspace it is good if we leave the area clean and organized that can also leave a good impression for the next person.Section 4 – Understand how to keep waste to a minimum in a business environment 1. Explain why waste should be kept to a minimum in a business environment. One of the main reasons that waste should be kept to minimum in a business environment is financial reason i. e. it can reduce the cost and spending and environmental reasons. Company can waste a lot of money to either recycle or dispose of that extra waste. One should think twice while using company resources that do they really need that or they can use any alternative to save some money for the company. . Identify at least two main causes of waste in a business environment. Because of heating, lightning and powering equipment we waste energy Another example is the resources such as ink cartridges, papers and toners of printers etc. Another source is use of paper in printing, before printing one should ask them self that do they need to print this out and if so can they use both side of paper for printing to save papers. 3. How can you keep waste to a minimum in a busin ess environment? Describe at least two ways of doing this.For paper waste we can use a recycling service for paper waste. For other waste like plastic bottles, plastic bags and others we can use recycling bins Recycling is a cost effective method of dealing with your waste es[ecially using different bins for different things simply because it is often cheaper when compared with general  waste management  and disposal. Recycling often reduces clutter and improves the working environment. Less clutter also means increased safety around your workplace. We can use emails instead of using posts where email can work.Emails are fast and can be delivered  at once around the world. No other form of written communication is as fast as an email. We can advertise products in the email that can reach to a lot of people and we can save a lot of money on resouses like paper, printer etc. we can send the email to hundred of recepients without expanding any money on visible resourses and save a lot of money and making business environment eco friendly. We can turn off the lights and all power switches when it’s not required to save the energy. Section 5 – Know how to make arrangements for meetings 1.Complete the table below listing at least two different types of meetings and describing the main features of each type of meeting. |Type of meeting |Main features | |Team meeting |The main feature of such meeting is to follow any agenda, track the progress of the team on the | | |current project, sort out issues related to team peformance, update on the upcoming projects and | | |discuss any outstanding issues.It also allows individuals to generate  number of ideas which can | | |prove to be quite effective in solving any organizational issue | |Training meetings |The main feature of such meeting is to keep the staff up to date, upgrade their skills and help them| | |in grooming. It also increases the staff productivity thus customers are served and satisfie d more | | |quickly.This improves efficiency, reduces costs and leads to higher profitability. With the aide of| | |training meeting we can raise morale of individuals which leads to a more motivated team. If | | |colleagues are motivated here are many opportunities open to them. | |Appraisal meeting |The main objective of such meetings are to recognise the individuals effort and praise them and give| | |them reward.Because of that Individuals take personal responsibility for improving both the | | |business processes and their own abilities. Such meetings also reflects the performance | | |expectations, establish goals for the coming year and discuss the success in the past year. | 2. When arranging a meeting: †¢ What sources and types of information are typically needed? †¢ How should meetings be arranged? We need to know the individuals requesting the meeting and they are aware of organizational procedure to arrange the meetingWe should be aware of the reason of the mee ting, the attendees list, duration of meeting and any resources like any projector or wall board required for presentation. Firstly confirm the attendees list, date and time, place and any resources required. If required circulate a brief message around about the agenda of the meeting and if meeting is long and refreshments are required also confirm the arrangement. Finally ensure that all attendees receive a confirmation of date, time, venue and a small brief description about the meeting. Section 6 – Understand procedures for organising travel and accommodation arrangements . Explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation. The main purpose, behind confirmation of instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation, is to ensures that all individual arrives on time for the appointment and all attendees are well aware of time and date of the event, accommodation and travel details, parking facilities, loca tion of the event, in case they need special arrangement person’s details who will be responsible for that and finally the main agenda and ist of things they need to bring in with them. 2. Complete the table below with an outline of the main types of business travel and accommodation arrangements that may need to be made and the procedures that should be followed when doing this. Travel and accommodation arrangements |Procedures | |Travel by Car and staying over night |If people are travelling by car we need to ensure that accommodation have enough | | |parking space if not then the alternate parking arrangements should be informed to the | | |people. We can select from bed and breakfast to hotels in terms of overnight | | |accommodation.We need to know how many nights they will be staying and book | | |accordingly. In case they need evening meals we need to make them aware of the | | |arrangements. | | | | |Travel by train and staying for few hours in the |If people are tr avelling by train we should ensure that they are aware of the ways to | |meeting place |reach to their desired location.We can arrange taxis for them to avoid hassle. | | |Sometimes we have foreign national who can’t speak English well, in that case we need | | |to ensure that interpreter is there to fulfil their needs. If they are attending the | | |meeting for few hours we must ensue that the refreshments are pre ordered. |Facility for disable peoples |If we know anyone who needs special arrangements such as wheel chair, we need to ensure| | |that all required facilities are in place to facilitate them. | | | | |Interpreter presence |Sometimes we have foreign national who can’t speak English well, in that case we need | | |to ensure that interpreter is there to fulfil their needs | . Explain the purpose of keeping records of travel / accommodation arrangements in a business environment. It is very important to keep a record (accommodation and travel expenditures) of an event once it’s over, as we can use that evaluation next time. This evaluation can help us next time in decision making i. e. we can improve the accommodation next time, find a cheaper suppler and get early discounts by booking in advance. Evaluation itself is a god process that can highlight any flaws in planning and identify that how we faired accommodation and travel.It also helps in identifying any issues such as parking arrangement of any particular accommodation. Section 7 – Understand diary management procedures 1. Briefly explain the purpose of using a diary system to plan activities at work. Give at least two reasons. One of the essential planning aids used within an organization is diaries and depending upon the nature of the business its use varied from person to person. It does help individuals to plan their activities and tasks as in some organization follow strict deadlines for their project.Information that can be logged in a diary contains timing, da te, location and people who are involved. Another advantage of keeping up the diaries is that individuals know the whereabouts of other colleagues. For instance if we someone wants to speak with one of your colleague by checking his or her status in staff diary we can deal with the caller accordingly. 2. Identify the information needed to maintain a diary system in the workplace.Nowadays computerized or electronic diary is used in organization and most widely used diary program is Microsoft outlook. It includes information of employees such as their name, contact information, email address, location etc. In some companies it also shows their availability and show their current status i. e. if they are on annual leave or absent due to sickness. Section 8 – Understand the purpose of delivering effective customer service and how to do so 1. What are the differences between internal and external customers in a business environment?Internal customers are the one who either work fo r an organization or serve the people who are not employed by that organization while the external customers who do not work for the organization but either buy the product or services to fulfil their need. In other words staff working for a particular organization purchases a particular good or service then he will be classified as internal customer, while an external customer is the one who come to the company to buy a service or good require to him and by no means employed by the company. 2.Explain why customer service should meet or exceed customer expectations. Include at least three reasons in your answer. Customer service should be met or sometime exceed customer expectations as it can: †¢ Gain customer loyalty and that means customer will always turn to us when that particular good or service is required †¢ Get good recommendations form customer that can provide us good publicity and allow an organization to expand its business †¢ Increase the business growth and that can create a sense of job security within the organization.Once an organization is getting extra customers it can expand its business and can create more jobs and extra bonuses for existing staff. 3. Explain the importance of building positive relationships with customers. Outline two ways in which this can be achieved. Every member of an organization has a duty to be efficient as he may be a first point of contact for the organization and that can create a long lasting impression on customer. Employee should show professionalism as failure to do so will not give customer any confidence while dealing with his organization.It is of vital importance to gain customer’s trust, meet or sometimes exceeds customer’s expectations as it can bring in new business opportunities. We can gain customer’s trust by actively listening to them which enables us to identify their needs and satisfy them accordingly. By keeping communication channel open both parties can gro w their business in a healthy and friendly environment. Both parties should trust each other and pay respect to each other ideas because that can contribute to a belter resolution of a problem if one does occur. 4.How do customers demonstrate their own needs and expectations? When a customer places an order or requested a service then they expect that service or goods to be not only delivered on time but also up to agreed standard. Customer normally expects that promise should be kept. In this competitive world customer also want bargain in prices as if someone is offering the same services at a very low cost they can turn to them as well. Customers’ need can also be gathered by collecting the feedback from them on the good or service offered and that be used for future to improve their experience.Customer can also raise their concerns directly with the company and by effective communication they can sit together, listening to each other and come to a resolution that can be a ccepted by both. Section 9 – Understand the purpose of reception services and how to follow reception procedures 1. What is the purpose of the receptionist role as the first point of contact in a business environment? Receptionists have many roles to perform such as give direction and sometime escort the key people to different part of the building. Generally visitors used them for general information or to solve any issues.Receptionist should have god communications skills and are aware of making good rapport with the visitors so that they feel they are at ease as some times visitors get confused. Now days most organization use sign in procedure and receptionist ensures that this is done properly and visitors are issued identification badges. In special cases receptionist also inform visitor about the standard health and safety information. 2. Describe how a receptionist can present a positive image of themselves and the organisation and explain why this is important.Recepti onist job is of vital importance as they are the first point of contact for every visitor, they should greet all visitors with smile regardless of their importance or arrival (if they are expected or not). Some receptionists commonly do mistakes and expect that key people are well and best dressed and in that they annoyed some key peoples. The general principal for all is to treat everyone fairly, with courtesy and make them feel that you have time for them. As they are the first point of contact in most organization, they can leave a positive image and long lasting impression of an organization.If they act or behave unprofessionally the visitor may lose confidence while dealing with the organization. 3. In relation to your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with), explain what must be done when carrying out entry, departure, security and confidentiality procedures in a reception area. When a visitor enters into a building and approach the reception, they should be greet ed first and offered help. If they want to visit someone with in an organization, take their details inform the desired person about their arrival.Advise them about the unrestricted visitor access area of recreation and make them feel at ease until the desired person come down and accompany them. Upon arrival of the desired person make them an identification pass and note down their time of arrival, their contact details and vehicle registration number if they have parked their vehicle. Once they have finished their meeting note down the timing and ensure that they have returned the pass and issue them any parking exit pass if required. Once you have completed all 9 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

death in a rose for emily essays

death in a rose for emily essays The topic of death in a Rose for Emily, a short tragic story written by William Faulkner that took place in the southern town of Jefferson in the beginning of the twentief century. Miss Emily Grierson, who is the subject of a towns obsession.The narrator, a member of the town, tells the story of what transpires in decaying old southern house that is always under the watchful eye of the towns people. They witness Miss Emilys life, her father death,her turn to insanity and the death of both her and her lover. However, it is important to establish wath is the plot and the character and the theme in the story. They can help us to develop the topic about death in a Rose for Emily. First,the plot in this story that is simple. It begins with the Miss Emilys funeral in wich all the people went, and its the end of a decaying of all since her father died, the houses and Miss Emilys illness. The next part of the plot is when Miss Emily was alive. The narrator talks about her characteristics, behaviour and Miss Emilys conceptions about her life, taking into account that she had a tradition, a hereditary obligation ruled by her father and the colonel sartoris. Then, we can establish the following sequence in the facts that talk about Miss Emilys changes such as attitude in front of the people because the story talks about the temerity that ladies had to call her, and her status as a 30 years single woman. The towns people thoughts about Miss Emily such as Poor Emily, and all the things which talk about her decaying life because she took options for killing herself using poison. The last part of the plot is about M ...

Tapping Into Your Creativity essays

Tapping Into Your Creativity essays For the Tapping into Your Creativity assignment I chose to go to the Minnesota Science Museum in St. Paul. At the museum I saw the Omni Theatre presentation of Dolphins. The Omnitheatre presentation of Dolphins was probably one of the most incredible movies I have ever seen. It was not only incredible due to the content of the movie. It was also incredible because of the way that it was presented. When I first went into the theatre I commented to the woman sitting next to me that we probably were not in the greatest seats due to the fact the screen was way above us. I thought I would be craning my neck the whole show. Then it happened. The screen actually began to move. It was rotating down like the face guard of an astronauts helmet and encircling us. The whole process took five minutes only lending to the feel that you were experiencing something out of science fiction even more. The story of the screen is an experience in it self and led me to find out more about these theatres: The movie Dolphins I saw is produced and exhibited on the world's most advanced film format. Imax Corporation and Iwerks Entertainment manufacture 15 perforation/70mm (15/70) film projection systems currently installed at approximately 200 giant screen theatres internationally. IMAX motion picture systems, invented and developed by Imax Corporation, display images of unsurpassed size, clarity and impact. The images are enhanced by a superb specially-designed six-channel, multi-speaker sound system and projected onto giant rectangular screens, up to eight stories high and, in the case of IMAX Dome theatres, onto domes as large as 27metres (88'- 5") in diameter. The 15/70 image is 10 times larger than a conventional 35mm frame and three times bigger tha ...

The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay Example The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay The Safeguarding Of Children Social Work Essay Essay working in partnership with other public administrations, the voluntary sector, kids and immature people, parents and carers, and the wider community. ( Beginning: Working Together to Safeguard Children, 2006 ) . The function of statutory services in relation to kids and households is to employ professionals who are committed to the cause of assisting kids to remain safe. The services need to use staff that understands their duties and responsibilities in these hard state of affairss, so any administration that trades with safeguarding kids needs to do certain that all members of staff are safe to work with kids and immature people by supplying a thorough individuality cheque. Besides the administration that provides this service needs to be equipped to cover with any allegations including 1s made against staff by holding clear processs in topographic point. All staff have to hold regular up to day of the month preparation and apprehension of the topic while working in this environment and they besides need to understand the correct procedures if working with spouse administrations. The voluntary sector is undertaken by administrations that are non for net income and non-governmental such as charities like Childline, the NSPCC and churches. This sector plays an of import portion in supplying information and resources to the general populace who may be unable or afraid to reach other sectors about the public assistance of some kids. They may besides specialize in a peculiar country of maltreatment and may hold greater and better apprehension of the topic as their members of staff have experienced more in-depth preparation. Like the populace sector their staff paid or voluntaries need to travel through the same procedure as the staff from the populace sector that is stated in paragraph 2.8 in Working together to Safeguard Children 2006. Like the voluntary sector, the independent sector besides has to stay by the ordinances that come with working towards safeguarding kids. The Independent sector is non financed through the revenue enhancement system by local or national authorities, and is alternatively funded by private beginnings. Such independent services are private schools, get oning schools, private counselors and private charities such as UNICEF. A non statutory service is one which may or may non be supplied, at the discretion of the authorization concerned. LOC2- Evaluate the statute law model and processs for kid protection at national and local degree. There are several legislative frameworks/laws and processs for kid protection at national and local degree which are continually being amended, updated and revoked. One of the important pieces of statute law is The Children Act 2004 which led to a considerable alteration in the manner services are straight concerned with functioning kids and households. As a consequence of audience with kids and households following Lord Laming s question into the awful and tragic decease of Victoria Climbi A ; eacute ; , the authorities announced its programs to reconstitute kids s services to assist accomplish five results for wellbeing. The authorities outlined these results in its Every Child Matters ( ECM ) docket, saying that to accomplish wellbeing in childhood and in ulterior life kids and immature people want to: be healthy ; be safe ; enjoy and achieve ; do a positive part ; and achieve economic wellbeing ( DfES, 2004b ) . These five results for wellbeing are now the ends for Every Child Matters and all services that are concerned in the instruction and public assistance of kids and immature people are bound to guarantee these results are achieved. The Every Child Matters Outcomes Framework ( DCSF, 2008b ) for enabling kids and households to be safe requires that Early Old ages scenes and primary schools must show that they are enabling kids to be safe from ill-treatment, disregard, force and sexual development, and from inadvertent hurt and decease, and that kids and immature people have security, stableness, are cared for and are safe from strong-arming and favoritism. This is a really complex country for those who work with kids, or intend to work with kids, in portion because of the sum of statute law that is attached to these issues. The Education Act 2002 places a responsibility on Early Year scenes and schools to safeguard and advance the public assistance of all kids, including guaranting they provide a safe environment themselves and take stairss, through their policies, pattern and preparation, to place child public assistance concerns and take action to turn to them, in partnership with other administrations where appropriate ( HM Government, 2006:13 ) . The Education Act 2002 besides places this responsibility on childminders and any administration that provides twenty-four hours attention for kids of whatever age. Locally the group of people responsible for co-ordinating what is done by administrations in Essex to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids and to guarantee the effectivity of this activity is the Essex Safeguarding Children Board ( ESCB ) . But despite all the statute law and policies, the authorities ever seems to alter these policies when something awful happens such as Victoria Climbi A ; eacute ; and Baby P, why do ..Help! ! ! ca nt believe what to compose! ! LOC3- Debate theories of maltreatment such as medical, feminist, societal and psychological theoretical accounts. While all the statute law is in topographic point to protect against injury to kids and households and it is besides in topographic point to protect the professional working with them. The general populace s usual sentiment of an maltreater is that they are unnatural, ill or condemnable. The grounds for maltreatment may be deep and complex. The actions of an maltreater are decidedly incorrect but why did they take them? There are tonss of different theories as to why maltreaters abuse. Some of the more widely held theories are: The societal theoretical account definition is where a kid copies the behavior of them grownups that surround them. Albert Bandura ( 1977 ) related to the societal learning theories of other of import professional in kid development such as Vygotsky and Lave. This theory includes facets of behavioral and cognitive acquisition. He believed that behavioral larning assumes that people s environment cause people to act in certain ways. Besides he believed in cognitive acquisition which is when person experiences or acquires cognition, he presumed that psychological factors are of import for act uponing how people behave. Another theory is the medical theoretical account. John Bowlby ( 1969-80 ) , is recognized as one of the most outstanding theoreticians in researching societal effects on kid development, in peculiar he is celebrated for his attachment theory ( Flanagan, 1999 ) . When Bowlby foremost began discoursing this theory his work focused on the importance of the fond regard a kid has with its female parent. The present recognized theory is that kids can organize a figure of fond regards with grownups other than their biological female parent, what is of import is that kids need caring and fostering relationships in order to boom, and non merely the basic demands of nutrient and shelter ( Foley et al. , 2001 ; 211 ) . Bowlby believed that there was a critical period of adhering in the first twelvemonth of life. Much research has been done that suggests a strong correlativity between female parents who have non formed a strong fond regard to their kids and kid maltreatment and disregard. If non treated conditions such as postpartum depression ( or post-natal depression as it is more normally known ) could take to the female parent holding a negative fond regard with the kid. A farther influential theoretician in the country of kid development is Erikson ( 1902-1994 ) who in the sixtiess devised a theoretical account of human societal development that focuses more on the impact of background and environment on development, instead than familial clinchers. This is known as a psychosocial theoretical account ( Miller, 2003 ) . The importance of this theory is that it explores how the beliefs, attitudes and values we grow up to keep are shaped by our familial sensitivity towards incentive Acts of the Apostless and how the environment we grow up in impacts on those natural features. Therefore, Erikson maintains, we are clearly shaped by our formative experiences. If this is so, so the experiences a kid will hold while they are immature will impact on their life as an grownup, including on their attitudes, beliefs and values. A different sentiment to why maltreaters abuse is the psychological theoretical account. Psychological theories focus on the natural and psychological qualities of those who abuse. It is abnormalcies within the single maltreater that are responsible for maltreatment, for illustration, opprobrious parents may themselves hold been abused in childhood ( Corby, 2000 ) . Although the defect is that psychologists have failed to set up a consistent personality profile for a kid maltreater when compared to another signifier of maltreater. Feminists believe that the Feminist theoretical account may be the reply to the actions of an maltreater. The feminist theoretical account suggests that kid abuse like domestic force is a consequence of unequal power in the household. Cossins ( 2000 ) believes that maltreatment is done by adult male to adult females and is about male maleness and power. But this does non take into history female maltreaters. Professor Lynne Segal suggests that the thoughts of maleness accents control and power. This assumes that all work forces have power and adult females and kids do non hold power ( Bell, 1993 ) . This theory besides needs to include non merely gender and power issues but to see race, category and civilization every bit good ( Reavey and Warner, 2003 ) . The Cycle of force is another theoretical account, it is based on the position that kids who live with domestic force will larn that maltreatment is acceptable and will go either an maltreater or a victim. While sing or witnessing domestic force can hold a serious impact on kids and immature people, they will react in assorted ways depending on their age, race, sex, civilization, phase of development, and single personality. By no agencies do all kids who have lived with domestic force grow up to go either victims or maltreaters. Many kids exposed to domestic force realise that it is incorrect, and actively reject force of all sorts. There is non much grounds to back up this theoretical account. Although all these theoretical accounts give some penetration into why an maltreater would mistreat there is no 1 type of maltreater, so there can be no one theoretical account. What we would see a kid maltreater in this state is non the same criterions as other states. Not one of these theoretical accounts can entirely explicate the actions of a kid maltreater. Finkelhor ( 1986 ) understood that and was a critic of individual factor theoretical accounts. He believed that adult females were merely every bit capable to mistreat as work forces are. LOC4- Describe the classs of maltreatment and the possible effects on the kid, household and workers. What composes maltreatment has been unfastened to broad argument, because some research workers will province that what one group in society deems to be abuse, another will claim is a normal portion of kid rise uping pattern. For illustration, the thwacking argument. Is it acceptable to thwack a kid? There is a legal credence that where a slap does nt go forth a permanent grade it is non abuse, but if it is continuously done and escalates so this would be classed as maltreatment. The point at which any pattern becomes abusive is the point at which it becomes ill-treatment, likely to impair wellness or physical, emotional, societal or behavioral development ( DfES, 2006 ) . The classs of kid maltreatment are physical, emotional, sexual maltreatment and disregard. Most frequently if a kid is enduring from one of the classs like physical or sexual abuse they are likely to be enduring from emotional maltreatment as good, as the classs link into one another. As Early Old ages practitioners we need to maintain an oculus out for any marks of physical maltreatment, which are normally seeable to the oculus, on the organic structure of the victim such as unexplained hurts, contusions or Burnss. Other marks of physical maltreatment are if the victim refuses to discourse hurts, gives unlikely accounts for hurts, has untreated hurts or lingering hurts which are non treated. If the parents administrating of penalty appears inordinate, if the kid psychiatrists from physical contact, or they have a fright of returning place or of the parents being contacted, or a fright of undressing, or a fright of medical aid these could besides be a mark of physical maltreatment. Physical maltreatment can take to the kid going aggressive towards other kids and intimidation. An abused kid may expose over compliant behavior or a watchful attitude , have important alterations in behavior without account, their work may deteriorate and they may hold unexplained for ms of absences which might function to conceal contusions or other physical hurts. In some instances the kid may even seek to run off. Another signifier of maltreatment is emotional maltreatment ; this is one of the harder abuses to recognize as there are frequently no seeable marks. Emotional maltreatment is about messages, verbal or non-verbal, given by a attention giver to a kid. Almost all kids are subjected to emotional maltreatment to some grade. Even the most lovingness of parents will at some clip give kids rather negative messages, this is why it is difficult to observe emotional maltreatment. Examples of emotional maltreatment are intentionally mortifying a kid, doing a kid feel ashamed for non being able to make or understand something which she is, in fact, developmentally incapable of. Other marks of maltreatment are anticipating a kid to set the demands of other household members before their ain. Persistently verbally mistreating a kid or invariably endangering to go forth a kid on their ain as a penalty is opprobrious whether or non the menace is carried out. Making menaces of other cruel and inordinate penalties and/or transporting them out, stating a kid that he was non wanted, was a error, or was the incorrect gender, insulating a kid, forestalling them from socializing with their equals and continually seting a kid under unjust moral/emotional force per unit area is abuse. Some grownups may besides non gain that exposing a kid to age-inappropriate activities such as telecasting, movies and computing machine games is besides classed as emotional maltreatment. The DfES ( 2006 ) What to Make if You Are Worried a Child Is Being Abused papers defines sexual maltreatment as: Sexual maltreatment involves coercing or luring a kid or immature individual to take portion in sexual activities, including harlotry, whether or non the kid is cognizant of what is go oning. The activities may affect physical contact, including acute or non-penetrative Acts of the Apostless. They may include non-contact activities, such as affecting kids in looking at, or in the production of, sexual online images, watching sexual activities, or promoting kids to act in sexually inappropriate ways. ( DfES, 2006: 9 ) . The definition of disregard is the relentless failure to run into a kid s physical and/ psychological demands, probably to ensue in the serious damage of the kid s wellness or development ( DfES, 2006: 9 ) . Some illustrations of disregard are failure to feed a kid adequately, or non supplying appropriate apparels or bedclothes, or giving unequal basic physical attention, the kid holding no boundaries or consistence, the kid non being safe, or non go toing to medical demands and failure to run into or acknowledge a kid s emotional demands. The definition of disregard sunglassess into the definition of emotional maltreatment. While both these definitions make sense, they are slightly blurred around the borders. When we talk about severe actions it can be hard to make up ones mind whether, and at what degree, to step in. There have been surveies that show grounds that disregard, physical maltreatment and sexual maltreatment are all associated with decreased intelligence in kids ( Carrey, 1996 ) . While this survey shows an illustration of the consequence maltreatment can hold sometimes a kid can turn up with a positive attitude and have a successful life. But this is non to state that all subsisters are successful in life and evidently some people suffer awful ongoing issues related to their experience of maltreatment. Such as being able to swear anyone or in the instance of sexual maltreatment neer being able to allow anyone touch them and the harm is lasting. Maltreatment can besides impact the household by interrupting it apart and dividing the maltreater from the abused. LOC5- Evaluate ways of enabling kids to protect themselves, and ways of back uping kids who have been abused. We ca nt anticipate kids and immature babes to protect themselves. So the authorities and schools try to pass on a cosmopolitan message to kids to seek to protect them. Such as intimidation is incorrect, to be nice to one another, to eat good and look after each other and to advance a positive environment. There are four methods that are used with kids in demand and their households, each of which needs to be carried out efficaciously in order to accomplish betterments in the lives of kids in demand. They are assessment, planning, intercession and reviewing ( DfES, 2006 ) . As an Early Old ages professional you should be cognizant of the local processs to be followed for describing concerns about a peculiar kid, if you have any concerns about a kid, they must be reported to the school s designated senior member of staff or a senior member that is appointed child protection supervisor. This may be where your engagement may stop or you may necessitate to be involved farther. The practician will discourse with a director and/or other senior co-workers what they think the appropriate action should be, so if there are still concerns a referral to the Local Authority kids s societal attention squad will be made, followed up in composing within 48 hours. The societal worker and director so acknowledge reception of referral and make up ones mind on the following class of action within one working twenty-four hours. An initial appraisal is required to make up ones mind if there is any concern for the kid s immediate safety. The initial appraisal should go on in conformity with the appraisal model which is a chart that states what the demands of a kid are. If there is sensible cause to surmise the kid is enduring, or is likely to endure important injury, kids s societal attention should set up a scheme treatment. The intent of the scheme treatment is to hold whether to originate subdivision 47 of the Children Act 1989. It is besides to place the appropriate undertakings and timescales for each involved professional and bureau, and hold what farther aid or support may be necessary. If the kid is likely to be harmed so the constabulary and other relevant bureaus are called. Next there would be a kid protection conference and the consequences from that would find whether a nucleus appraisal is made which is where the household and other professionals agree a program for guaranting the kid s future safety and public assistance. If the consequences are that the kid is in sufficient injury so the kid becomes the topic of a kid protection program, which is where the troubles of the kid will be made known to spouse bureaus. This will be followed by giving the kid a cardinal worker and a kid protection reappraisal conference, the intents of the kid protection reappraisal is to reexamine the safety of the kid. Normally, the determination to maintain a kid s name on the protection registry is reviewed every six months, depending on the fortunes. A kid protection reappraisal conference can make up ones mind that a kid s name should be removed from the registry. This determination will merely be made when the kid protection reappraisal conference is satisfied that the kid is no longer at hazard of important injury. A immature individual will besides be removed from the registry one time he or she turns 18. Obviously the worst instance scenario is when a kid dies due to mistreat and nil was done to assist them. As Early Year professionals it is highly of import that state of affairss like this neer go on and that is why these processs are put into topographic point. Professionals can step in by working with kids and households to assist protect them. There are support systems in topographic point for kids and their households provided by local authorities and sometime connected to the school. Certain start is one such system. Certain start is a authorities programme which provides services for kids and their households. It works to convey together early instruction, child care, wellness and household support. Servicess provided include advice on wellness attention and kid development, drama strategies, rearing categories, household outreach support and grownup instruction and advice. If there is a instance of suspected maltreatment but there is no demand to take the kid or the parent because there is no farther hazard to the identified following the households assessment Certain start can be recommended to the household as a topographic point for household development. In this state there are 11 million kids, 4 million have been identified as vulnerable ( handicapped ) , 400,000 have been identified as children in demand , 32,000 are on the kid protection registry and 63,000 are looked after ( in foster attention ) . These statistics have gone up since the awful tragic decease of Peter Connelly ( Baby P ) in 2007. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=348 ) . We live in a extremely complex and diverse society and as professionals it is portion of our duty to guarantee we are non confounding what we think is the instance, or what we would wish, with what is truly the instance. As Early Old ages practitioners we need to near single kids and households with an unfastened head. While we believe we know what, a perfect universe is, we besides know that households come in all forms and sizes, and that all households are likely to necessitate support to assist them. To do certain that all kids get the correct and full treatment/service needed to do certain that they are safeguarded against abuse all practitioners/professionals should work together and pass on to accomplish this end.

A.T. Kearney Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A.T. Kearney - Case Study Example Kearney’s market reach to expand and overwhelming competition with the scale of services and expertise that the merger resulted to? If so, how? II. Summary of the facts A.T. Kearney was acquired by EDS (Electronic Data Systems). It is expected that with the merger of A.T. Kearney and EDS, clients could take advantage of a much broader range of services. In essence, it is expected that both companies could become a a â€Å"one-stop shop,† capable of servicing every client requirement. Both companies are expected to complement each other’s weaknesses and achieve a synergy that could be used as a leverage in the market. The combined capability of the two companies will enable them to offer end to end services in addition to the benefit of a larger market reach. Before the merger, A.T. Kearney was well known The firm was well known for its ability to deliver value and results throughout the management process, from strategy development to business and market analysis to operations, process, and technology transformation. This mix of strategy and operations, combined with a focus on implementation, had differentiated A. T Kearney from its competitors and driven the firm’s outstanding results for over a decade. A.T. ... Incidentally, the core business of A.T. Kearney is EDS waterloo. For years, EDS had been struggling to establish its MCS (Management Consultancy Service). EDS â€Å" Despite the ability to combine expertise and intellectual capital with the delivery capability of EDS, MCS was having difficulties getting off the ground† (pg. 5). Despite its size and capitalization, it registered a loss of $23 milllion in 1994. EDS just lacked the expertise to pursue MCS capability as an IT firm and lacked a clear positioning in the marketplace as a formidable â€Å"consulting† practitioner. This weakness in MCS prompted EDS to acquire A.T. Kearney for $600 million. III. Analysis Management consulting industry is a profitable industry. In 1994. It registered $40 worth of services of which $18 billion of these revenue were services related information technology (i.e., IT planning, IT strategy, strategic procurement of hardware and software solutions). Management consultancy industry was e xpected to grow faster than its other segment at an annual rate of up to 15 percent. Fred Steingraber suggested that total fees for the management consulting industry would double by the year 2000. The main reason for the tremendous growth in this sector can be attributed to the following reasons; Technology has been integrated into business strategy. Technology investments will increase. Corporations are embracing the philosophy of restructuring and reengineering. Senior management is becoming technology-literate as, across all industries, major corporations increasingly view themselves as â€Å"technology-oriented companies.† Senior management expresses satisfaction with return on technology investment, even in the absence of precise measurements. Given this data about this trend management

Argumentative Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Argumentative - Term Paper Example This paper is an attempt to understand the vexed issue of gun control and the governmental interventions in this regard as they pertain to the ownership of guns. The paper starts off by framing the issue by explaining the deeply divisive nature of the issue and how it is corroding the political process with the acerbic stand taken by both sides. Then I examine the arguments for and against gun control and then I debate the issue further by stating my stand on the same. Finally, I conclude the paper with some remarks about the whole issue and an appeal for sanity and commonsense to prevail in these troubled times. The debate over Gun Control is primarily between those who cite the inalienable rights enshrined in the constitution with regards to individual liberty and the right of the individual to own whatever he or she desires if the transaction is in accordance with the law. This is the side of those who claim that they have a right to own guns and hence any attempts to snatch away these rights is tantamount to denying them the rights that are guaranteed by law. One the other side is those who call for elimination of guns and point to the increasing rates of crime and homicide as instances of ownerships of guns running amok. Since the issue is so divisive, it is pertinent to examine the literature surrounding it to establish the arguments put forward by each side. First, to start off, one needs to understand the issue and its centrality to American politics To quote from a book by a well known expert on the issue, â€Å"Few schisms in American life run as deep or as wide as the divide between gun rights and gun control advocates. Awash in sound and symbol, the gun regulation debate has largely been defined by forceful rhetoric rather than substantive action. Politicians shroud themselves in talk of individual rights or public safety while lobbyists on both sides make doom-and-gloom pronouncements on the consequences of

Clinical Trial Drugs Regulations and Manufacture Thesis

Clinical Trial Drugs Regulations and Manufacture - Thesis Example For instance if one treatment is effective in children, could if be equally as effective with adults. Trials confirm what treatments are being used safely and satisfactorily on individuals. There importance is limitless amongst the population of the medical world. For quite some time, clinical trials in the pharmaceutical industry have been regulated by several government bodies. These regulations are set forth by entities like the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMEA or EMA), the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), to name a few. These entities weigh a heavy collateral on how pharmaceutical companies transition medicines from ideal to market with the use of clinical drug trials. The severity of the clinical trial drugs process has a significant donation to the well being of humanity, but faults in production of medications that will suffice in the treatme nt of those it was produced to treat. James Bryce once said; â€Å"Medicine, the only profession that labors incessantly to destroy the reason for its existence†. In short drug trials are performed to adhere to safety regulations that conform to human health strategies. According to the United States National Institutes of Health Service clinical trials are â€Å"considered to be biomedical or health-related research studies in human beings that follow a pre-defined protocol† (Understanding Clinical Trials, 2007). In order to associate the importance of these trials, it has to be first comprehended as to where they have evolved from. Traditionally, clinical drug trials can be associated with pharmaceutical medicine. ... The history of pharmaceutical medicine can be accredited sixteen distinct contributions as directly cited by the Drug Study Institute (Saponaro, 2011): 1. In 1906 the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed, partly due to Dr. Wiley's Poison Squad experiments. It forbade interstate and foreign commerce of adulterated and misbranded food and drugs. There were no safety or efficacy requirements. In 1902 Dr. Wiley started research with human volunteers to determine the effects of food preservatives on digestion and health. Overnight the press made the "Poison Squad" a national sensation. This law required new drugs be tested for safety before marketing, the results of which would be submitted to the FDA in an NDA or New Drug Application. The law also required that drugs met standards of strength and purity and had adequate labeling for safe use. 2. The Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy in 1937 prompted Congress to pass the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938, which required pre-market review of sa fety in a New Drug Application (NDA) and specified labeling requirements. It also began marking study drugs with the phrase, â€Å"for investigational use.† It also gave the FDA the authority to inspect sponsor drug manufacturing plants and gave them more enforcement power. The requirement of proving effectiveness was still missing. 3. In 1948 the Nuremberg Code was written, the first formal statement on medical ethics. Nuremberg Code: In 1948, the Nuremberg Code laid down 10 standards for physicians to conform to when carrying out experiments on human participants. The Nuremberg Code was the result of judgment by an American military war crimes tribunal conducting proceedings against 23 Nazi physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes

Crime Scene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Crime Scene - Research Paper Example In this case, we were presented with a homicide that appears to have occurred in the victims homes, where she was found dead, stabbed 13 times, on her kitchen floor. Given the information provided one can extrapolate a couple of different and plausible theories to solve this case. The Victim: The victim is lying on the kitchen floor. She has 13 stab wounds in her body. Stabs wounds of high numbers, excessive beyond just causing death, are sometimes identified as â€Å"emotional† attacks. Usually occurring when the attacker has a personal reason for attacking the victim. She has a knife near to her hand and she shows a number of bruises on her upper arms and broken finger nails. This would indicate that the victim fought back against her attacker. It is, also, means that there is a higher possibility of DNA evidence of the murderer left on her body or under her broken finger nails. As yet, there is no certainty if there has been sexual assault of any kind. Given that the victim is a sturdily built, above average height for female, and 140 pounds it is abundantly likely her attacker was a male; being that she is a larger than average for a female she would likely have an advantage over a female opponent. There are, also, a lot statistics to support the understanding that the homicide victims, who are women, the majority of their murderers are male, as opposed to other women (Brewer & Smith, 1995). The Scene: The crime scene itself has a lot to say about what might have happened here. The fact that the crime took place in the kitchen may have been chosen by the victim. She may have gone to the kitchen intentionally to get to the gun in the drawer or the knife on the counter. The house looks to be in turmoil, however, despite the mess, nothing was apparently stolen from the home. This pretty much eliminates that this homicide was incidental in the course of robbery gone wrong. Realistically this leaves two distinct options to consider. The first is that the crime was a premeditated act or a crime of passion. The fact, that there are no signs of forced entry or breaking and entering means that the victim either was comfortable opening her door to the killer or knew them well enough to invite him into her home. The knife on the floor may or may not be the knife used to stab the victim; knowing this would indicate whether the killer brought a weapon to the scene or used the knife from the victim’s kitchen. There is, also, the possibility that it was the victim who pulled the kitchen knife to defend herself. The family members, who were apparently not present at the time of the crime, are not specifically identified. It is fair to assume that the victim probably has no small children because most parents of small children do not keep loaded firearms in the kitchen drawers. If the victim’s family includes a husband, partner, boyfriend, or fiance then it will be necessary to further question her spouse or partner. In the majori ty of murders occurring among women, 30% or more, can be attributed to men whom they were presently or at some time intimate with (Marvell & Moody, 1999). The Family: When the family is informed one might want to watch the behaviors and actions of the family members. People behave in certain psychological ways when they receive heartbreaking information. The stages of grief are typical of human beings (Moldovan, 2009).So if someone’

The Implications of Cultural Diversity on Organizational Performance Essay - 1

The Implications of Cultural Diversity on Organizational Performance and The Role of Human Resource Management - Essay Example (Sommer, 2005) The attempt has been proactive in nature since the relation between performance and the incorporation of competent individuals from diverse backgrounds is all the more necessary in the times much like today. Cultural diversity and organizational performance both have significant bearing on the overall working regimes of the organization and thus should be given the importance that these deserve in essence. No organization can meaningfully progress today without efficiently responding to demands and pressures generated by cultural diversity. Adoption human resources management (HRM) for such recommendations which has been provided in this assignment would contribute effectively to maximize the benefits of cultural diversity within an organization. Workforce depends a great deal on the way in which workers perform their duties and remain committed to the growth potentials of the business. It does not really matter if the workers are full time employee or contingent and part time ones. What is needed and looked upon is the manner in which employees work towards attaining the goals and objectives of the business and provide benefits to the eventual position of the organization. This is the single most quintessential basis for the workforce to identify with and no other aspect is deemed in the same vein when it comes to the amount of significance that workforce could exhibit on any given day. If the organization has a major share of temporary workers within its fold, it is of paramount essence that the organization’s own culture is strong and there are no apprehensions in this basis whatsoever. (Buttner, 2006) This is because organization’s culture lays the foundation stone for their devotion and work place performa nce levels to a higher magnitude. Any set of values and beliefs make up a culture. On the same pretext, an organizational culture is a set of values, morals, beliefs, traditions

Crime Scene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Crime Scene - Research Paper Example In this case, we were presented with a homicide that appears to have occurred in the victims homes, where she was found dead, stabbed 13 times, on her kitchen floor. Given the information provided one can extrapolate a couple of different and plausible theories to solve this case. The Victim: The victim is lying on the kitchen floor. She has 13 stab wounds in her body. Stabs wounds of high numbers, excessive beyond just causing death, are sometimes identified as â€Å"emotional† attacks. Usually occurring when the attacker has a personal reason for attacking the victim. She has a knife near to her hand and she shows a number of bruises on her upper arms and broken finger nails. This would indicate that the victim fought back against her attacker. It is, also, means that there is a higher possibility of DNA evidence of the murderer left on her body or under her broken finger nails. As yet, there is no certainty if there has been sexual assault of any kind. Given that the victim is a sturdily built, above average height for female, and 140 pounds it is abundantly likely her attacker was a male; being that she is a larger than average for a female she would likely have an advantage over a female opponent. There are, also, a lot statistics to support the understanding that the homicide victims, who are women, the majority of their murderers are male, as opposed to other women (Brewer & Smith, 1995). The Scene: The crime scene itself has a lot to say about what might have happened here. The fact that the crime took place in the kitchen may have been chosen by the victim. She may have gone to the kitchen intentionally to get to the gun in the drawer or the knife on the counter. The house looks to be in turmoil, however, despite the mess, nothing was apparently stolen from the home. This pretty much eliminates that this homicide was incidental in the course of robbery gone wrong. Realistically this leaves two distinct options to consider. The first is that the crime was a premeditated act or a crime of passion. The fact, that there are no signs of forced entry or breaking and entering means that the victim either was comfortable opening her door to the killer or knew them well enough to invite him into her home. The knife on the floor may or may not be the knife used to stab the victim; knowing this would indicate whether the killer brought a weapon to the scene or used the knife from the victim’s kitchen. There is, also, the possibility that it was the victim who pulled the kitchen knife to defend herself. The family members, who were apparently not present at the time of the crime, are not specifically identified. It is fair to assume that the victim probably has no small children because most parents of small children do not keep loaded firearms in the kitchen drawers. If the victim’s family includes a husband, partner, boyfriend, or fiance then it will be necessary to further question her spouse or partner. In the majori ty of murders occurring among women, 30% or more, can be attributed to men whom they were presently or at some time intimate with (Marvell & Moody, 1999). The Family: When the family is informed one might want to watch the behaviors and actions of the family members. People behave in certain psychological ways when they receive heartbreaking information. The stages of grief are typical of human beings (Moldovan, 2009).So if someone’

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example Strategy is the other term for business planning to obtain competitive advantage in the market and to analyze the future events to operate successfully in uncertainty. The business strategies of an organization aim at bringing out strategic decisions about the choice of products, customer needs, and new opportunities in the terms of market and technology and other important decisions which help the firm to gain a competitive advantage in the market. The business houses cannot take appropriate and important decisions without the availability of the complete information of the external environment. Business organizations cannot run in vacuum and it has to involve the external environment. There are many related parties to the business like the customers, society, environment, employees, creditors etc. It is very important for the firm to have a complete knowledge about its internal and external environments. A thorough study of the internal and external processes of the organization helps it to understand its strengths by establishing the points or the areas where the organization is good at as well as understanding its weaknesses, the areas where further improvement is required. This analysis would further help in understanding the external environments to understand the scope of the organization in the future. The strategic planning and recommendation requires the thorough understanding of the internal environments of the organi zation so as to plot the strategies accordingly, for the maximization of the benefits drawn from the strategies. The stake holders of an organization play an important part in the policy formation and implementation of the strategies.

The Fiftieth Gate and The Pianist Essay Example for Free

The Fiftieth Gate and The Pianist Essay Memory helps form the basis of history, whereas history can be used to clarify fragmented memories. For a true understanding of the past there has to be a balance between documented evidence and personal experiences and memories. In Mark Baker’s nonfiction biography ‘The Fiftieth Gate’ (1997), and Roman Polanski’s film ‘The Pianist’ (2002) have both reconstructed the past through a combination of memories and historical documentation. The interplay of historical documentation and memories is critical for an accurate portrayal of an event. The Fiftieth Gate’ follows Baker’s own investigation into the history and memories of his parents to understand the events of the Holocaust. He adopts a style of writing similar to Midrash, a religious method of biblical interpretation of ideas, to bridge the gap between the past and present. Intially memories are inconsistent for Baker. They can leap out â€Å"at him, like a jack-in-the-box†, the simile enhancing the notion that memories are unpredictable and therefore not entirely reliable. Baker’s value of historical exactness over memory is seen through the juxtaposition of his father’s shared experience against his mother’s lone survival. He sees his father’s past â€Å"written on page of history shared by other survivors† while his mother â€Å"could not point to anyone†. As the novel progresses, this preference for history over memory is diminished. History is characterized as cold and lifeless being: â€Å"papers (that are)†¦echoes of the past, dark shadows without screams, without smells, without fear†. The repetition of â€Å"without† emphasizes the lack of emotion present in historical accounts. At the end of the novel Baker arrives at the rhetorical question â€Å"Why do I crave the contents of this single lone sentence†¦when all it says is what she has repeated throughout her life? while summarising his mother’s experience. The historian eventually learns to stop only looking at â€Å"numbers and lists† but rather hear the â€Å"pleas of a human being†. With this final combination of history and memory Baker is able to acquire a deeper understanding of the past. A similar focus on the interplay of historical documentation and memories is seen in Roman Polanski’s film ‘The Pianist’. Polanski’s own memories and the experiences of Wladyslaw Spzilman are verified by archival images taken by the Germans and historical data about the Warsaw Ghetto. In contrast to Baker’s describing of events, ‘The Pianist’ visually recreates the memories of the Holocaust victims. Polanski uses monochromatic colours, costumes and lighting to produce a morose World War II concentration camp atmosphere. Within the film the interplay of history and memory is shown as black and white footage intercut with contemporary scenes of Spzilman from Pianist. To ensure that the â€Å"smallest detail would be exact†, the director employed research experts, who found artefacts from the Holocaust to use in the film that would provide authenticity. This is enhanced with dialogue that enlightens the audience to the attitudes and values of that time, â€Å"They hang†¦ (those) for helping Jews†. Allusions to official decrees that were placed at that time where â€Å"No jews are allowed† and newspaper articles and radio broadcasts of that time is used by Polanski to place the audience accurately within that time. He uses an evocative setting of ruins in Europe and Warsaw, and intercuts actual historical World War II footage and data. In â€Å"†¦trying to rebuild the world exactly as it was†¦ no more, no less,† he melds history and memory to reveal truths. For an accurate understanding of past events there needs to be a balance between historical documentation and personal memories. Baker creates these metaphorical gates that open his parent’s memories, a link to his Jewish heritage, with each gate drawing a separate memory. He enhances the eternal power of memories through sensory imagery: â€Å"Can you hear, or do the screams from the mass grave drown out the sounds and melodies of Wierzbnik in its innocence? † The experiences endured by his parents continue to torment them, their memories: â€Å"broken like fragments of sacred tablet†. The motif of stone in this simile corresponds with the Jewish belief of memory not being remembered by flowers but rather by stones as they are â€Å"mysterious and eternal†. The lasting effect of the Holocaust is seen in Genia’s dialogue: â€Å"Don? t interrogate me. I? m your mother, not your prisoner, the negative word connotations linking back to her own circumstance during the Nazi regime. Personal memories explore emotions that can never be captured by written documents, a notion that is illustrated through the repetition and rhetorical question of: â€Å"You read, you read. Books, books, everywhere. But do you know how it feels? † Baker employs evocative languge of his mother remembering: â€Å"the sound of shots† of â€Å"screaming†, which is contrasted to the historical facts of this event: â€Å"the death toll†¦ of atleast 40,000 Jews†, demonstrating the value of memory, as it provides greater substance and accuracy than documented evidence. Through an investigation of both history and personal memories Baker is able to gain an accurate understanding of the past. Polanski is â€Å"a survivor telling a survivor’s story†. The Pianist’ explores past events through the diary of a German officer, the memoirs of Wladyslaw Spzilman and Polanski’s own personal memories. Three accounts interweave in this film to display an accurate interpretation of the Holocaust. The accuracy of the Pianist’s memory is justified as it â€Å"was written immediately after the war†. Polanski himself remembers the â€Å"one thing that is burned in my mind is the arm band with the star of David†. He places this image to symbolise the dehumanisation of the Jewish people. This corresponds with the number branded on Baker’s father, Yossl. Polanski indirectly questions the link between memories and time. He suggests that memory is not entirely reliable and adapts to changing contexts. This is emphasised through the use of the cross fade technique. Images of Spzilman playing the piano blur into one another, which suggest that memory will eventually fade and transform. The piano itself is a visual leitmotif within the film for Spzilman’s survival spirit. Polanski visually enhances the Spzilman’s memory of being isolated in Warsaw ghetto by placing the pianist as a single figure in the centre of the foreground. All that remains in the background are possessions abandoned by the Jews who have been deported to death camps. Memory enriches history while history informs memory. These two key ideas are presented in Mark Baker’s non-fiction biography, The Fiftieth Gate and Roman Polanski’s film The Pianist, allowing the audience to understand the importance of memory and history. By examining personal experience, memory and documented evidence, an individual can a balanced and informed understanding of the past.

Acquisition of Natwest by Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS)

Acquisition of Natwest by Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) Corporate strategy developers have in the past and today seen Mergers and Acquisitions as an effective tool to foster future growth and create sustainable value. As a norm, companies now aggressively seek and buy compatible businesses to gain from synergetic benefits and strengthen their core business operations, whether that is the Industry of Banking, Pharmaceutical, Information Technology, Construction or Retailing etc. Expenditure on acquisitions in the UK by foreign companies increased from  £9.2 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £19.9 billion in quarter one 2008. Expenditure on acquisitions abroad by UK companies decreased from  £25.8 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £15.5 billion in quarter one 2008. Expenditure on acquisitions in the UK by UK companies increased from  £3.2 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £3.6 billion in quarter one 2008. The number of transactions reported for acquisitions in the UK by UK companies at quarter one 2008 is the lowest reported since quarter one 2003?. Source: (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ma0608.pdf- on 06-06-2008). In March 2000, Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) acquired NatWest Bank, a bank three times its size. Shareholders were told that the merger would realise  £1.1 billion in cost savings and income gains. The acquisition of NatWest by the Royal Bank of Scotland has created a larger group which combines scale and financial strength with an innovation and growth culture, and gives us strategic options to create additional value for shareholders?. Source:(http://www.rbs.com/media03.asp?id=MEDIA_CENTRE/PRESS_RELEASES/2001/MARCH/RESULTS2000- on 02-06-2008). The perceived motivation drives for this merger and acquisition activity are generally considered to be the acquiring banks desire to increase its return by expanding geographically. This perception is similar to Stewarts premises of merger motivation. According to the Stewart; the actual motivating forces behind merger should be ones that will: Increase financial performance (net operating profits). Financial benefits through borrowing against the Sellers unused debt capacity or against an increase in the consolidated debt capacity (lending capacity for banks). Tax benefits derived from expensing the stepped-up basis of assets acquired or from the use of otherwise forfeited tax deductions or credits?. (Stewart, 1991, p 375). 2. BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter aims to discuss various literatures on mergers and acquisitions in order to provide a background for subsequent analysis. The literature identifies several economic and financial theories that justify Merger and Acquisition activity. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature that we use to guide our empirical work. 2.1 DEFINITIONS The interdisciplinary nature of the MA discourse is reflected in the versatile definitions provided in the literature. Some definitions emphasize the organizational context of MA: The term ËÅ"merger has two meanings in the context of combining organizations. Merger can refer to any form of combination of organizations, initiated by different kind of contracts. The more specific meaning that separates merger from acquisition is that merger is a combination of organizations which are similar in size and which create an organization where neither party can be seen as acquirer?. (Vaara, 2000, p 82). The word merger refers to negotiations between friendly parties who arrive at a mutually agreeable decision to combine their companies. In general, mergers reflect various forms of combining companies through some mutuality in negotiations?. (Fred and Weaver, 2001, p 6). The word merger is used to mean the combining of two business entities under the common ownership?. (Arnold, 2005, p 1041). In Acquisitions a company buying shares in another company to achieve a managerial influence. An acquisition may be of a minority or of a majority of the shares in the acquired company. An acquisition is recorded on the date of the economic decision (formally agreed) even if the legal issues have not been fully finalised. If subsequent disputes, legal issues or a lack of supervisory approval were to interfere with a completion of the acquisition, it is held not to have been recorded?. (Eurpean Central Bank, 2000, p 4). 2.2 TYPES OF MERGERS ACQUISITION From the point of view of an economist, there are four main groups of Merger and Acquisition. Horizontal ­: In this one firm combines with another in the same line of business. In simple words, a horizontal merger occurs when two competitors combine?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 13). Horizontal merger reduces the number of the competitors in the market. Vertical: A vertical merger is the combination of successive activities in a vertical chain under common coordination and control of a single firm?. (Sudarsanam, 2003, p 140). In simple words, it is a merger between a supplier and the distributor company of the supplies. This is a cost saving merger as well. For example HSBC purchased JP Morgans dollar clearing business in 1996. Congeneric: This involves related enterprises but not producers of the same product (as in horizontal merger) or firms in producer supplier relationship (as in vertical merger). An example is when Lloyds Bank acquired Cheltenham and Gloucester in 1995 mostly to acquire its mortgage business, which is related to but different from retail banking?. Source: (http://www.lloydstsb.com/about_ltsb/lloyds_bank.asp â€Å" 04-05-2008) Conglomerate: A conglomerate merger is the combining of two firms which operate in unrelated business areas. Some conglomerate mergers are motivated by risk reductions through diversification; some by the opportunity for cost reduction and improved efficiency, others have more complex driving motivations?. (Arnold, 2002, p 870). For example in 1996, Royal Bank of Scotland was expected to take control of Charles Church. 2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW- THEORIES OF MA There are might a number of motives that might play a role in merger activity, like efficiency, growth , synergy, financial and tax benefits, shareholders exploration, but two of the most often cited motives for mergers and acquisitions are faster growth and synergy. All these strategic motives shall be discussed in this part of the proposal for the better understanding of merger and acquisition. 2.3.1 Efficiency Theory The efficiency theory says that mergers occur because they improve the combined firms, operations, for example, by letting superior managers assume control, by exploiting cost reducing synergies? or complementarities in the partners operations, or by taking fuller advantage of scale of economies and risk spreading opportunities, among other things in securing capital?. (Ravenscraft and Scherer, 1987, p 211). In simple words, efficiency is an improvement in the utilization of existing assets that enables the combined firm to achieve lower costs in producing a given quantity and quality of goods and services. 2.3.2 Managerial Motives or Managerial Perspectives Takeovers can also arise because of the agency problem that exists between shareholders and managers, whereby managers are more concerned with satisfying their own objectives than with increasing the wealth of shareholders. The motive behind some acquisitions may be to increase managers pay and power. Managers may also believe that the larger their organization, the less likely it is to be taken over by another company and hence the more secure their jobs will become. Take overs made on the grounds have no shareholder wealth justification since managers are likely to increase their own wealth at the expense of the shareholders?. (Watson and Head, 2006, p 317). 2.3.3 Shareholders Expropriation The important motive behind the consolidation has been maximization of shareholders wealth. In the neo-classical prospective, this mean that the incremented cash flows from the decisions, where discounted at the appropriate discount rate should yield positive or zero net present value. Under uncertainty, the discount rate is the risk-adjusted rate with a market determined risk premium for risk. Draper and Paudyal (1999) found that shareholders in the target businesses benefits substantially from takeover activity, particularly where they are given the option to receive either cash or shares in the bidder as the consolidation. It seems that the bidders shareholders do not suffer from merger. They also found that the benefits to target shareholders have declined in the recent past. Bruner (2004) argued that the approach taken by many of the studies based on US takeovers were flawed in that the research results were unduly influenced by a relatively small number of failures that involve d particularly large businesses. He claimed that all takeovers benefit target shareholders and the overwhelming majority benefit bidder shareholders as well.? (McLaney, 2005, p 395). Shleifer and Summers suggest a number of other motives for mergers and acquisitions in which shareholders may gain at the expense of other stakeholders. For example, some target firms may seek acquirers to escape financial problems or to break unfavourable labour contracts. Other firms may seek leveraged purchases of their targets to increase the surviving firms risk- return profile at the expense of existing debt holders?. (Shlfeifer and Summer, 1988, p 33). 2.3.4 Financial and Tax Benefits Whether tax motives are an important determinant of MAs. Certain studies have concluded that acquisition may be an effective means to secure tax benefits. Gilson, Scholes and Wolfson have set forth the theoretical framework demonstrating the relationship between such gains and MAs. They assert that for a certain small fraction of merger, tax motives could have played a significant role. Moreover, whether the transaction can be structured as a tax-free exchange may be a prime determining factor in whether to go forward with a deal. Sellers sometimes require tax free status as a prerequisite of approving a deal. In the U.K the rules are more strict for taxes; the losses incurred by the acquired firm before it becomes part of the group cannot be offset against the profit of another member of the group. The losses can only be set against the future profits of the acquired company. Also that company has to continue operating in the same line of business?. (Arnold 2005, p 1052). 2.3.5 Growth / Market Power Theory One of the most fundamental motives for MAs is growth. Companies seeking to expand are faced with a choice between internal or organic growth and growth through MAs. Internal growth may be a slow and uncertain process. Growth through MAs may be a much more rapid process. If a company seeks to expand within its own industry, they may conclude that internal growth is not an acceptable alternative, for example, if a company has a window of opportunity that will remain open for only a limited period of time, slow internal growth may not suffice. As the company grows slowly through internal expansion, competitors may respond quickly and take market share. The only solution may be to acquire another company that has a resource, such as established offices, and facilities, management and other resources, in place?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 117). Some mergers may result in market power which redounds to the benefits of the merging firms. George Stigler argued that such an effect might have been a primary motivation for many of the mergers and acquisitions during the last quarter of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. He called the 1887-1904 merger wave merger for monopoly? and the 1916- 1926 wave merger for oligopoly?. (Stigler, 1968, p 23). 2.3.6 Synergy Theory This refers to the fact that the combined company can often reduce duplicate departments or operation, lowering the costs of the company relation to the same revenue stream, thus increasing profit. The two main types of synergy are operating synergy and financial synergy. Operating synergy comes in two forms: revenue enhancement and cost reduction. These revenues enhancements and efficiency gains or operating economies may be derived in horizontal or vertical mergers. Financial synergy refers to the possibility that the cost of capital may be lowered by combining one or more companies?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 124). Financial synergies result in lower cost of capital by lowering the systematic risk of a companys investment portfolio through an investment in an unrelated business?. (Trautwein, 1990, p 283). Below the list of reasons has been provided that are initiating consolidation in the form of merger and acquisitions in the U.K banking industry. Competition from building societies. New entrants into saving markets. New technology and the internet. Competition from the overseas banks. Government Policies. Economies of scale scope. Managing branch networks. 2.4 MERGER AND ACQUISITIONS: BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS Lumby and Jones identified four key benefits and five draw backs of mergers and acquisitions as follows: 2.4.1 BENEFITS 2.4.1.1 Speed: An acquisition allows the companys newly formed strategy to be implemented rapidly. Through organic growth it will take the company much longer to reach the same level of business activity. 2.4.1.2 Critical mass: The Company is able to immediately achieve the critical mass of assets and activity levels that might be needed to obtain the operating economies of scale that exist in the chosen business area. At the early stages of organic growth into a new business area, the operating economies enjoyed by large competitors will not be achievable; so putting the developed business activity at a significant competitive cost disadvantage, from which further progress may not be possible. 2.4.1.3 Own-paper financing: An acquisition can be made without impacting on the companys cash resources or on its liquidity, by financing it with an issue of new equity called the companys ËÅ"own-paper. In contrast, organic growth will require the expenditure of the companys cash and credit resources. 2.4.1.4 Intellectual assets: In addition to the tangible assets of the acquired company, an acquisition will also bring with it intellectual assets such as the ËÅ"know-how, and business contacts of the management team, the skills of the workforce and its trading reputation. With organic growth, these may have to be developed ËÅ"in-house over time. In spite of the identified benefits, mergers and acquisitions have the following significant drawbacks as stated by Lumby and Jones: 2.4.2 DRAWBACKS 2.4.2.1 Risk: Mergers and acquisitions have a significant risk of high-cost failure attached. This is because an acquisition represents a single, very large investment, which if it turns out to be a mistake, then the business will have lost a substantial amount of its value. 2.4.2.2 Acquisition premium: Most acquisitions require the payment of an acquisition premium in order to persuade shareholders of the target company to sell their shares. This means that the acquiring company will be paying more than the economic worth of the company. 2.4.2.3 Steep learning curve: The acquiring company will have to rapidly learn how to manage an unfamiliar business and they may not necessarily be successful in doing so. In contrast, the slower pace of organic growth allows the management far more time in which to learn the range of new skills required to successfully manage the new business area. 2.4.2.4 Post-acquisition problems: Acquisitions could lead to a clash of management cultures between those of the acquired company and the acquiring company. This will often lead to key members of the acquired company leaving post-acquisition, resulting in the loss of vital intellectual capital. This may not be the case with organic growth. 2.4.2.5 Coinsurance effect: In an acquisition where either the predator company or/and the target company has debt financing, then there is the risk of a post-acquisition wealth transfer from the shareholders to the debt holders. (Lumby, 2003). 3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This Proposal has been built upon the analysis of the mergers and acquisition of banks in the U.K, like the acquisition (takeover of NatWest by Royal Bank of Scotland) in 2000. In this research my effort is to attempt and cover all important issues related to Mergers and Acquisition, like what causes, and initiates a merger or an acquisition, the benefits accrue to the company, its employees and customers etc, and native aspects of MA. This research investigates into the roots and causes of ever increasing consolidation activity and tries to critically evaluate merger and acquisition. Another aim of the proposal is to study the expectations of the stakeholders of the banks in the U.K, and the effect a merger or an acquisition has on them. Three stakeholders, namely, shareholders, employees and customers shall be studied in detail with the help of the case study. As according to the Schweigher: MAs basically aim at enhancing the shareholders value or wealth, the results of several empirical studies reveal that on an average, MAs consistently benefit the target company shareholders but not the acquirer company shareholders. A majority of corporate mergers fail. Failure occurs on average, in every sense, acquiring firm stock prices likely to decrease when mergers are announced; many acquired companies sold off; and profitability of the acquired company is lower after the merger relative to comparable non-merged firms. Consulting firms have also estimated that from one half to two-thirds of MAs do not come up to the expectations of those transacting them, and many resulted in divestitures. (Schweiger, 2003, p 71). The conclusion from this case study support my hypothesis that, whether stakeholders benefit from the merger and acquisition, because on the one hand, sometimes the merger and acquisition is beneficial for shareholders of the merging /or acquiring bank. On the other hand, employees are left worse-off following job cuts and redundancies. 4. STATEMENT OF DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY In order for the aims and objectives of the research to be fulfilled, it is essential to expand an understanding of the reason for growing tendency amongst banks in United Kingdom to pool together and the advantages of this pooling. The design of this project shall follow the deductive approach, like questionnaire, and the inductive research or the internal research will focus on interviews with the Managers and staff and customers of Royal Bank of Scotland and NatWest. In this regards, it is not an easy task to get an interview from the managers or the members of staff, but I shall try my best to do so. The external research will be carried out through the readings of books, journal and published data. Another difficult thing was access to annual reports, but I have already got the annual reports of both banks. The theory, annual reports and different analysists reports on the concepts of mergers and acquisitions shall be critically reviewed and thereafter compared and contrasted wi th facts gathered from the case study to confirm or disprove existing knowledge. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative data shall be analysed to make desired recommendations and conclusion. (UWIC Guidelines, Red Book is read carefully). 5. SOURCES AND ACQUISITION OF DATA Research can be done through books, as everyone knows, as only some knows; it can be done by letters. It can also be performed through Conversation?. (Watson, 1999, p 52). Sources of data adopted for this project include both secondary and primary data. A secondary data source enables a better understanding and explanation of the research problem. The literature review is a type of the secondary data, it involves the review of earlier studies on and around the research topic. Other secondary data includes the books on Finance, Mergers and Acquisitions, Strategy, journals, annual reports, analysists reports and different online resources like web pages of Royal Bank of Scotland and NatWest bank, should be used. In addition to the secondary data stated above, primary data sources shall equally be utilised to gather data directly from the key players in the merger and acquisition process. This shall include the use of questionnaires and personal interviews with managers and members of staff of RBS and NatWest. The interviews must be focused on the research area and not delve into alternative areas. (UWIC Guidelines, Red Book is been studied thoroughly). METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is the most difficult part of the project. Data analysis is the process of applying statistical, systematic and logical techniques, comparing the data and managing it. During the project both the qualitative and quantitative data will require analysis. In order to determine how well a company has performed in delivering stakeholders value, we need to make a comparison with its past performance. The first annual figures for The Royal Bank of Scotland Group following the acquisition of NatWest show the enlarged Group made a profit before tax, goodwill amortisation and integration costs of  £4,401 million on a pro forma basis for the year to 31 December 2000, an increase of 31 per cent. The period analysed would be broken into following categories. 1999 The Pre-acquisition period. 2000 The Announcement and bidding period. 2001 The Post acquisition period. The analysis shall cover some expense ratios, profitability ratios and balance sheet ratios. The expense and profitability ratios shall be used to analyse efficiency and profitability during the pre- and post-acquisition periods, while the balance sheet ratio shall be used to analyse changes that may have occurred that might have affected efficiency or profitability. REFERENCES Books: Arnold, G, 2005, Corporate Financial Management?, 3rd edition, England, Prentice Hall, p 1041 1052. Arnold, G, 2002, Corporate Financial Management?, 2nd edition, Great Britain, PrinticeHall, p 870. Fred W. J and Weaver S. C, 2001, Merger and Acquisition?, 1st edition, Los Angeles, McGraw-Hill Professional, p 6. Gaughan P. A, 2007, Merger, Acquisition, and Corporate Restructurings?, 4th edition, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons, Inc, p 13, 117 124. Gilson R, Scholes M. S and Wolfson M. A, 1988, Taxation and Dynamics of Corporate Control?, 1st edition, New York, Oxford uni press, p 273. McLaney, E, 2005, Business Finance, Theory and Practice?, 7th edition, U.K, Pearson Education, P 395. Ravenscraft D. J and Schere F. M, 1987, Mergers, Sell-offs, Economic Efficiency?, Washington D.C, Brookings Institution Press, p 211. Red Book, UWIC Guideline. Stewart, G.B, 1991, The Quest for Value, A guide for senior Manager?, New York, Harper Business, p 375-382. Sudarsanam, S, 2003, Creating Values from Mergers and Acquisitions-The Challenges?, England, Pearson Education Limited, p 140. Watson, G, 1999, Writing A Thesis?, 1st edition, New York, Pearson Education Ltd , P 52 Watson, D and Head, A, 2006, Corporate Finance, Principles and practice?, 4th edition, U.K, PrinticeHall, p 317. Journals: Stigler G, (1968) Monopoly and Oligopoly by Merger?, American economic Review (1968) by the organisation of industry, Vol 40, No 2, May, p 23-34. Trautwein F, (1990), Merger Motives and Merger Prescriptions?, Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), Vol 11, No 4, May/June, p 283, by John Wiley sons. Shleifer. A and Summer, L. H (1988), Breach of Trust in Hostile Takeovers; from Corporate Take over: Causes and Consequences, P 33-67, The University of Chicago Press. Vaara, E, (2000), Constructions of Cultural differences in post-merger change process: a sense making perspective on Finnish-Swedish cases?. [emailprotected]@gement Vol 3, no3: p 82. Schweiger, D.M, (2003), MA Integration: A Framework for Executives and Managers,? 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